86 results
A randomized implementation trial to increase adoption of evidence-informed consent practices
- Erin D. Solomon, Jessica Mozersky, Melody Goodman, Meredith V. Parsons, Kari A. Baldwin, Annie B. Friedrich, Jenine K. Harris, James M. DuBois
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 7 / Issue 1 / 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 December 2022, e28
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Introduction:
Several evidence-informed consent practices (ECPs) have been shown to improve informed consent in clinical trials but are not routinely used. These include optimizing consent formatting, using plain language, using validated instruments to assess understanding, and involving legally authorized representatives when appropriate. We hypothesized that participants receiving an implementation science toolkit and a social media push would have increased adoption of ECPs and other outcomes.
Methods:We conducted a 1-year trial with clinical research professionals in the USA (n = 1284) who have trials open to older adults or focus on Alzheimer’s disease. We randomized participants to receive information on ECPs via receiving a toolkit with a social media push (intervention) or receiving an online learning module (active control). Participants completed a baseline survey and a follow-up survey after 1 year. A subset of participants was interviewed (n = 43).
Results:Participants who engaged more with the toolkit were more likely to have tried to implement an ECP during the trial than participants less engaged with the toolkit or the active control group. However, there were no significant differences in the adoption of ECPs, intention to adopt, or positive attitudes. Participants reported the toolkit and social media push were satisfactory, and participating increased their awareness of ECPs. However, they reported lacking the time needed to engage with the toolkit more fully.
Conclusions:Using an implementation science approach to increase the use of ECPs was only modestly successful. Data suggest that having institutional review boards recommend or require ECPs may be an effective way to increase their use.
HPPD-resistant cotton response and weed management systems using isoxaflutole
- Delaney C. Foster, Peter A. Dotray, Corey N. Thompson, Gregory B. Baldwin, Frederick T. Moore
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 36 / Issue 5 / October 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 October 2022, pp. 671-677
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The southern United States produces 90% of the nation’s cotton, and the Texas High Plains is the largest contiguous cotton producing region. Since 2011, glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth has complicated cotton production, and alternatives to glyphosate are needed. Integrating soil residual herbicides into a weed management program is a crucial step to control glyphosate resistant weeds before emergence. The recent development of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-resistant cotton by BASF Corporation may allow growers to use isoxaflutole in future weed management programs. In 2019 and 2020, field experiments were conducted in New Deal, Lubbock, and Halfway, Texas, to evaluate HPPD-resistant cotton response to isoxaflutole applied preemergence (PRE) or early postemergence (EPOST) and to determine the efficacy of isoxaflutole when used as part of a season-long weed management program. At the New Deal location, cotton response was observed following the EPOST application, but it never exceeded 10%. Cotton response was greatest following the PRE application in Lubbock in 2019 but did not exceed 14%. In 2020 in Lubbock, cotton was replanted due to severe weather. There was <1% cotton response following the PRE application, and maximum cotton response observed was 9% following EPOST and mid-postemergence (MPOST) applications. Cotton lint yields were not different from those of the nontreated, weed-free control at either location. In non-crop weed control studies in Halfway, all treatments controlled Palmer amaranth ≥94% 21 d after the EPOST application. Twenty-one days after the MPOST treatment, systems with isoxaflutole applied EPOST controlled Palmer amaranth by 88% to 93%, while systems with isoxaflutole PRE controlled Palmer amaranth by 94% to 98%. End-of-season Palmer amaranth control was lowest in the system without isoxaflutole (88%) and when isoxaflutole was used EPOST (88% to 91%). These studies suggest that the use of isoxaflutole in cotton weed management systems may improve season-long control of several troublesome weeds with no adverse effects on cotton yield and quality.
Mobilize for Our Lives? School Shootings and Democratic Accountability in U.S. Elections
- HANS J. G. HASSELL, JOHN B. HOLBEIN, MATTHEW BALDWIN
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- Journal:
- American Political Science Review / Volume 114 / Issue 4 / November 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 August 2020, pp. 1375-1385
- Print publication:
- November 2020
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Gun violence is a large and growing problem in the United States. Many reformers look towards elections to spur policy change in this area. In this paper, we explore the effects of school shootings on electoral mobilization and election outcomes. We pair data from several sources that measure validated voter registration; validated voter turnout; and the electoral performance of officials at the local, state, and federal levels with regression discontinuity and panel methods. Our effects show that shootings have little to no effect on electoral outcomes in the United States. Our work demonstrates that even when tragic events occur that are squarely in the realm of elected officials’ responsibility, have high levels of issue salience, are highly-covered by the media, draw citizens’ attention, and (perhaps) shift public opinion, these seemingly favorable conditions may not be enough to elicit democratic accountability.
Situating dissemination and implementation sciences within and across the translational research spectrum - ADDENDUM
- Aaron L. Leppin, Jane E. Mahoney, Kathleen R. Stevens, Stephen J. Bartels, Laura-Mae Baldwin, Rowena J. Dolor, Enola K. Proctor, Linda Scholl, Justin B. Moore, Ana A. Baumann, Catherine L. Rohweder, Joan Luby, Paul Meissner
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 4 / Issue 4 / August 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 July 2020, p. 371
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P0236 - How are symptom severity and functional recovery/relapse related? An analysis of the escitalopram database
- D.J. Stein, B. Bandelow, O.T. Dolberg, H.F. Andersen, D.S. Baldwin
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 23 / Issue S2 / April 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 April 2020, p. S369
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Background:
Anxiety disorders are associated with significant disability. There is growing interest in the question of whether pharmacotherapy that effectively reduces symptoms also restores function. Recovery could be defined as a lack of disability, with associated reduction in symptom severity. Conversely, relapse could be defined in terms of either increased disability or increased symptoms.
Methods:We analysed a database of randomised controlled trials of escitalopram in generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD), focusing on the relationship between disorder-specific severity scales, and the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). In short-term studies, cut-points on symptom scales were derived for recovered function. In relapse prevention studies, the effects of defining relapse in terms of increased disability scores were examined.
Results:In GAD and SAD, there is a close correlation between primary symptom severity scales and the SDS, both in the short-term and during relapse prevention. Thus, a lack of disability is associated with relatively low symptom severity scores, and rates of relapse - defined in terms of increased disability - are significantly lower on escitalopram than on placebo.
Conclusion:These data indicate that improvement in primary symptom scales in anxiety disorders is accompanied by improvement in functioning, and vice versa. Recovery and relapse can therefore be defined either in terms of symptom severity or in terms of functioning. Longer-term treatment of anxiety disorders is needed to ensure recovery.
Situating dissemination and implementation sciences within and across the translational research spectrum
- Aaron L. Leppin, Jane E. Mahoney, Kathleen R. Stevens, Stephen J. Bartels, Laura-Mae Baldwin, Rowena J. Dolor, Enola K. Proctor, Linda Scholl, Justin B. Moore, Ana A. Baumann, Catherine L. Rohweder, Joan Luby, Paul Meissner
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 4 / Issue 3 / June 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 July 2019, pp. 152-158
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The efficient and effective movement of research into practice is acknowledged as crucial to improving population health and assuring return on investment in healthcare research. The National Center for Advancing Translational Science which sponsors Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) recognizes that dissemination and implementation (D&I) sciences have matured over the last 15 years and are central to its goals to shift academic health institutions to better align with this reality. In 2016, the CTSA Collaboration and Engagement Domain Task Force chartered a D&I Science Workgroup to explore the role of D&I sciences across the translational research spectrum. This special communication discusses the conceptual distinctions and purposes of dissemination, implementation, and translational sciences. We propose an integrated framework and provide real-world examples for articulating the role of D&I sciences within and across all of the translational research spectrum. The framework’s major proposition is that it situates D&I sciences as targeted “sub-sciences” of translational science to be used by CTSAs, and others, to identify and investigate coherent strategies for more routinely and proactively accelerating research translation. The framework highlights the importance of D&I thought leaders in extending D&I principles to all research stages.
In the eye of the beholder: Perceptions of neighborhood adversity and psychotic experiences in adolescence
- Joanne B. Newbury, Louise Arseneault, Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E. Moffitt, Candice L. Odgers, Jessie R. Baldwin, Helena M. S. Zavos, Helen L. Fisher
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- Journal:
- Development and Psychopathology / Volume 29 / Issue 5 / December 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 November 2017, pp. 1823-1837
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Adolescent psychotic experiences increase risk for schizophrenia and other severe psychopathology in adulthood. Converging evidence implicates urban and adverse neighborhood conditions in the etiology of adolescent psychotic experiences, but the role of young people's personal perceptions of disorder (i.e., physical and social signs of threat) in their neighborhood is unknown. This was examined using data from the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study, a nationally representative birth cohort of 2,232 British twins. Participants were interviewed at age 18 about psychotic phenomena and perceptions of disorder in the neighborhood. Multilevel, longitudinal, and genetically sensitive analyses investigated the association between perceptions of neighborhood disorder and adolescent psychotic experiences. Adolescents who perceived higher levels of neighborhood disorder were significantly more likely to have psychotic experiences, even after accounting for objectively/independently measured levels of crime and disorder, neighborhood- and family-level socioeconomic status, family psychiatric history, adolescent substance and mood problems, and childhood psychotic symptoms: odds ratio = 1.62, 95% confidence interval [1.27, 2.05], p < .001. The phenotypic overlap between adolescent psychotic experiences and perceptions of neighborhood disorder was explained by overlapping common environmental influences, rC = .88, 95% confidence interval [0.26, 1.00]. Findings suggest that early psychological interventions to prevent adolescent psychotic experiences should explore the role of young people's (potentially modifiable) perceptions of threatening neighborhood conditions.
Effect of Growth Stage and Application Site on Tolerance of Rice (Oryza sativa) to Haloxyfop
- John L. Baldwin, G. Euel Coats, Joe E. Street, Vernon B. Langston
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 10 / Issue 2 / June 1996
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 268-272
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Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate seedling rice tolerance to haloxyfop and to determine soil moisture effects on root, shoot, and root plus shoot uptake. Visible injury to rice at 4 wk after treatment increased with each increase of haloxyfop rate from 40 to 160 g ai/ha, regardless of growth stage. Less injury was observed at equivalent rates in four-leaf than in younger rice. Similarly, equivalent haloxyfop rates reduced shoot fresh weight of one- to three-leaf rice more than shoot fresh weight of four-leaf rice. There was no interation between soil moisture levels (19 and 24%) and haloxyfop activity. Fresh weights were less when haloxyfop at 40 or 80 g/ha was absorbed by both roots and shoots than when absorption was by either roots or shoots alone. However, at 80 g/ha fresh weight was similar whether haloxyfop was absorbed by roots or shoots alone. Root uptake, in the presence of 160 g/ha haloxyfop, did not contribute to reduced fresh weight with root plus shoot treatments because of the initial foliar activity incurred.
ALMOST GALOIS ω-STABLE CLASSES
- JOHN T. BALDWIN, PAUL B. LARSON, SAHARON SHELAH
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Symbolic Logic / Volume 80 / Issue 3 / September 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 July 2015, pp. 763-784
- Print publication:
- September 2015
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Theorem. Suppose that k = (K, $$\prec_k$$) is an ℵ0-presentable abstract elementary class with Löwenheim–Skolem number ℵ0, satisfying the joint embedding and amalgamation properties in ℵ0. If K has only countably many models in ℵ1, then all are small. If, in addition, k is almost Galois ω-stable then k is Galois ω-stable. Suppose that k = (K, $$\prec_k$$) is an ℵ0-presented almost Galois ω-stable AEC satisfying amalgamation for countable models, and having a model of cardinality ℵ1. The assertion that K is ℵ1-categorical is then absolute.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Contributors
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- By Brittany L. Anderson-Montoya, Heather R. Bailey, Carryl L. Baldwin, Daphne Bavelier, Jameson D. Beach, Jeffrey S. Bedwell, Kevin B. Bennett, Richard A. Block, Deborah A. Boehm-Davis, Corey J. Bohil, David B. Boles, Avinoam Borowsky, Jessica Bramlett, Allison A. Brennan, J. Christopher Brill, Matthew S. Cain, Meredith Carroll, Roberto Champney, Kait Clark, Nancy J. Cooke, Lori M. Curtindale, Clare Davies, Patricia R. DeLucia, Andrew E. Deptula, Michael B. Dillard, Colin D. Drury, Christopher Edman, James T. Enns, Sara Irina Fabrikant, Victor S. Finomore, Arthur D. Fisk, John M. Flach, Matthew E. Funke, Andre Garcia, Adam Gazzaley, Douglas J. Gillan, Rebecca A. Grier, Simen Hagen, Kelly Hale, Diane F. Halpern, Peter A. Hancock, Deborah L. Harm, Mary Hegarty, Laurie M. Heller, Nicole D. Helton, William S. Helton, Robert R. Hoffman, Jerred Holt, Xiaogang Hu, Richard J. Jagacinski, Keith S. Jones, Astrid M. L. Kappers, Simon Kemp, Robert C. Kennedy, Robert S. Kennedy, Alan Kingstone, Ioana Koglbauer, Norman E. Lane, Robert D. Latzman, Cynthia Laurie-Rose, Patricia Lee, Richard Lowe, Valerie Lugo, Poornima Madhavan, Leonard S. Mark, Gerald Matthews, Jyoti Mishra, Stephen R. Mitroff, Tracy L. Mitzner, Alexander M. Morison, Taylor Murphy, Takamichi Nakamoto, John G. Neuhoff, Karl M. Newell, Tal Oron-Gilad, Raja Parasuraman, Tiffany A. Pempek, Robert W. Proctor, Katie A. Ragsdale, Anil K. Raj, Millard F. Reschke, Evan F. Risko, Matthew Rizzo, Wendy A. Rogers, Jesse Q. Sargent, Mark W. Scerbo, Natasha B. Schwartz, F. Jacob Seagull, Cory-Ann Smarr, L. James Smart, Kay Stanney, James Staszewski, Clayton L. Stephenson, Mary E. Stuart, Breanna E. Studenka, Joel Suss, Leedjia Svec, James L. Szalma, James Tanaka, James Thompson, Wouter M. Bergmann Tiest, Lauren A. Vassiliades, Michael A. Vidulich, Paul Ward, Joel S. Warm, David A. Washburn, Christopher D. Wickens, Scott J. Wood, David D. Woods, Motonori Yamaguchi, Lin Ye, Jeffrey M. Zacks
- Edited by Robert R. Hoffman, Peter A. Hancock, University of Central Florida, Mark W. Scerbo, Old Dominion University, Virginia, Raja Parasuraman, George Mason University, Virginia, James L. Szalma, University of Central Florida
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Handbook of Applied Perception Research
- Published online:
- 05 July 2015
- Print publication:
- 26 January 2015, pp xi-xiv
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3 - Interim Crusade Planning
- Philip B Baldwin
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- Book:
- Pope Gregory X and the Crusades
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 28 February 2023
- Print publication:
- 15 May 2014, pp 75-103
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Summary
Gregory’s own experience in the Holy Land, and the information that he gathered about it from others, made him acutely aware of Outremer’s needs. Once he was aware of them, the choice remained of what to do. It is clear that Gregory knew that the response to those needs had to be swift, although organising a crusade was not a quick affair. Linda Ross has argued that Gregory followed the thirteenth century’s conciliar approach, but added that he did not ‘take the initiative and personally launch a crusade.’ She noted that the disadvantage to this was that ‘the time that elapsed between the summons [to the council] and the assembly inevitably delayed the advent of a new crusade, because, from 1215, encyclicals were drawn up only after conciliar deliberation.’Later in her work, however, she noted that Gregory ‘also organised more immediate, longterm, professional military support.’ The council was only to arrange for the general passage. Gregory’s initial efforts, however, should not be discounted. Indeed, those initial efforts were his way of taking the initiative for the crusade, since the smaller troop movements were made directly for the sake of preserving the Holy Land until the general passage. Unlike the case of St Louis’ second crusade, where a smaller passagium particulare that had been planned earlier by Clement IV was abandoned in favour of a passagium generale when the French king took the cross, Gregory X wanted to do both.
On the issue of using smaller armies versus a general passage, Throop has written that ‘the old idea of a crusader fighting for the cross and then returning home had been undermined by the end of the thirteenth century by the many failures of immense and transitory armies in the Holy Land.’He continued: ‘the Collectio, like many others, had lost all confidence in a “general passage.”’ Finally, he believed that ‘the support of a large body of professional soldiers in the Holy Land would mean in effect the disappearance of the crusades entirely. On this issue, Gatto has also written:
It is necessary first to object that the stationing of a standing army in the Holy Land was already absurd in that it was an army of volunteers. Since it was difficult to collect a sufficient number of mercenaries for a limited period, it would be impossible to find an adequate number of volunteers willing to stay in the East possibly for life.
Dedication
- Philip B Baldwin
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- Book:
- Pope Gregory X and the Crusades
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 28 February 2023
- Print publication:
- 15 May 2014, pp v-vi
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5 - Political Exigencies and Gregory’s Crusade
- Philip B Baldwin
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- Pope Gregory X and the Crusades
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- Boydell & Brewer
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- 28 February 2023
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- 15 May 2014, pp 137-167
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Summary
Gregory’s Crusading Priorities
There is no way of knowing with absolute certainty what Gregory’s crusading priorities would have been had he been forced to deal with, say, the Cathar heresy, or a hostile Holy Roman emperor, as other popes had before him. These conflicts had taken equal footing with the Holy Land in the past, and had more than once absorbed the efforts of the papacy. But they were not current issues in Gregory’s time. However, there had been other substantial theatres for crusade that had taken up significant resources and time: crusades against the Byzantines, crusades against ‘pagans,’ and the Iberian reconquest. These continued to confront the papacy during Gregory’s time. At least in these cases, one may see how Gregory aligned his crusading priorities. The traditional position on this has been that Gregory was wholly devoted to the Holy Land crusade.
Gregory devoted so much energy to organising aid for the Holy Land during his papacy that it would seem at first glance that he had neither the interest nor the time for crusading anywhere else. Indeed, when pressed by Bruno of Olomouc to direct the crusade towards the pagans of north-eastern Europe (ostensibly because it would benefit his patron, King Ottokar of Bohemia), Gregory responded unfavourably. Direct evidence is lacking on the pope’s response, but given the direction of Gregory’s crusading efforts, it seems reasonable for Throop to point out that Bruno’s motives behind his recommendation for crusading in the northeast ‘must have left Gregory X unmoved in his determination to put the welfare of the Holy Land above all other considerations.’ Gregory was also not in favour of a new crusade against the Byzantines, given his work at reconciliation with Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the Greek Church. With the denial of crusade in the northeast, and the negotiations with the Greeks taking priority over Charles’ crusading hopes, Gregory had limited the crusading options in favour of that to the Holy Land.
On the surface, it would also seem that Gregory did not have much time or interest for the crusade in Iberia. This notion is supported by the fact that there are no extant letters from the early part of his reign in which he even mentioned crusading in Iberia.
4 - A Problem of Governance? Pope Gregory X, Charles of Anjou, and the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
- Philip B Baldwin
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- Book:
- Pope Gregory X and the Crusades
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- Boydell & Brewer
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- 28 February 2023
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- 15 May 2014, pp 104-136
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Summary
Gregory’s time in the Holy Land did not simply give him an attachment to the place, which would lead him to launch a new crusade to reclaim it for the Christians. It also enabled him to see the manner in which the remaining crusader territories were being run. He could not have been pleased with what he saw, and this very likely contributed to the interim troops being placed under western captains, rather than under the permanent secular leaders of the East. That there were problems was indisputable. The Latin kingdom was chronically losing territory to the powerful Mamluk sultan, Baybars. Apportioning the blame for this troubled time, however, is more difficult. Criticism of the state of the Latin kingdom and the way in which it was run in the thirteenth century is widespread, and has been discussed by several historians.
It has been alleged that, due to the poor government in the Latin East, Pope Gregory X colluded with Charles of Anjou to unseat Hugh of Lusignan, de facto king of Jerusalem, to place Charles on the throne by buying Maria of Antioch’s claim. Charles did not buy Maria’s claim until 1277, after Gregory had died. Nevertheless, this has not prevented historians from placing Gregory right in the very heart of the matter, with this notion being sustained, quite incredibly, with no solid evidence. Steven Runciman did much to give birth to this erroneous idea: ‘Gregory while he was in the East may have shown the disappointed princess some sympathy, so that she felt it worthwhile to come to the council of Lyons.’ In fact, Maria had left the Holy Land before Gregory had even arrived there. Runciman also recounted that Maria ‘continued to enjoy the pope’s favour, and he suggested that, as she was unlikely to establish herself at Acre, she should sell her rights to Charles of Anjou.’ Picking up on Runciman’s theory, Sylvia Schein argued that it was Gregory who ‘encouraged Maria to sell her claims to Charles I of Anjou as he wished him to take a more active interest in the fate of the crusader state, not only for its own welfare but also to divert Charles from his ambitions in Byzantium.
6 - Imagining Gregory’s Crusade
- Philip B Baldwin
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- Pope Gregory X and the Crusades
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- Boydell & Brewer
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- 28 February 2023
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- 15 May 2014, pp 168-220
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The Crusade that Never Was
Norman Housley has written that ‘the demise of any pope at such a critical point in crusade planning presents the historian with an insuperable problem of interpretation.’1 Interpreting Gregory’s crusade is especially interesting, since he was the last pope to come close to launching a major crusade to rescue the Holy Land. Gregory stands alone as the pope able to gain the participation of virtually all of Europe’s major rulers: Germany and the Empire, France, Sicily, Aragon, Portugal, Sweden, and (in a way) Castile.2 To this list, England and Bohemia could also potentially be added. The general recruitment for the crusade was also rigorously pursued from August 1274 onward with an extensive preaching campaign.3 Indulgences of 100 days could be granted to anyone who would come to listen to a crusade sermon and confess their sins.4 With the success of the ecclesiastical union at Lyons, Gregory even had Greek support for his crusade as well. With strong potential for an alliance with the Mongols, this crusade could have been staggeringly large. The fact that the crusade came to nothing after Gregory’s death need not prevent an analysis of its organisation and aims. An examination of Gregory’s plans for his general passage can demonstrate the changes the crusading movement was undergoing at the end of its classical period in the thirteenth century. This was not only in the dual crusade policy that Gregory adopted, but also in the direction of the general passage.
The Participation of Philip of France
King Philip III of France was supposed to be one of the cornerstones of Gregory’s crusade. All indications from Gregory’s dealings with Philip point to the pope’s desire for this. Gregory had been working more closely with Philip for the interim crusading preparations than with any other monarch, save for Charles of Anjou’s supply of food. Besides the Church itself, it was only Philip who had been making investments in mercenaries to defend the Holy Land. Thus, his interests there were at stake. Although James of Aragon was the first monarch to give Gregory a firm signal that he would take up the cross, it was Philip who actually first took up the cross, which he did at his wedding to Maria of Brabant on the feast of St John the Baptist, 24 June 1275.
Frontmatter
- Philip B Baldwin
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- Pope Gregory X and the Crusades
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- Boydell & Brewer
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- 28 February 2023
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- 15 May 2014, pp i-iv
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1 - The Early Life of Pope Gregory X
- Philip B Baldwin
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- Pope Gregory X and the Crusades
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- Boydell & Brewer
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- 28 February 2023
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- 15 May 2014, pp 13-39
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Pope Gregory X, formerly Tedaldo Visconti, was born near the beginning of the thirteenth century, though, as is often the case, the precise date of birth is not known. As his anonymous biographer related, Tedaldo was born to a noble family of Piacenza, but more importantly, his nobility of birth was surpassed by his nobility of character. This particular form of nobility would come to mark the life and career of Tedaldo, and help propel the unordained archdeacon to the height of ecclesiastical power in the West. Indeed, even the Greek historian George Pachymeres remarked upon the renown of his virtuous character when he wrote of Tedaldo’s election to the papacy.
Before his papal election, Tedaldo was party to some of the most formative events of the thirteenth century, and knew some of the most important figures of his time in both Western Europe and the Holy Land. This gave him the diplomatic experience, organisational ability, high contacts, and experience in the Holy Land that he would need to be a suitable candidate not just for the papacy in general, but more importantly for the papal role as head of the struggling crusading movement. These elements have formed the general consensus among historians to explain Tedaldo’s election, and an investigation into his early life supports this. The best evidence for such skills comes from Bartholomew of Lucca, Tedaldo’s contemporary, who wrote that ‘[Pope Gregory X] was uncommonly experienced in secular affairs, although modest in learning, and he did not exert himself for the gain of money, except for alms for the poor.’ Roberg has also highlighted the differences between Tedaldo and his predecessors as pope. He wrote that with his election, there was ‘neither a scholar nor a lawyer-pope, like some of his predecessors and successors in the thirteenth century.’ His election was a marked difference in the type of person elected to the papacy in the thirteenth century, but one that must have been deemed necessary by the cardinals. Daniel Waley wrote that Tedaldo’s election ‘brought to the papal throne a man who had no experience of the problems of the Papal State and whose dearest projects were concerned with the Holy Land.’ Waley himself was more interested in the Papal State, so can be excused for his criticism of Tedaldo’s priorities.
Pope Gregory X and the Crusades
- Philip B Baldwin
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- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 28 February 2023
- Print publication:
- 15 May 2014
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First full-length study of Pope Gregory X in relation to Crusade, demonstrating his significant impact.
Other Volumes in Studies in the History of Medieval Religion
- Philip B Baldwin
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- Book:
- Pope Gregory X and the Crusades
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
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- 28 February 2023
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- 15 May 2014, pp 248-250
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